Influence of climate and tectonic movements on granite landforms in China     

CHEN Yixin  CUI Zhijiu  YANG Jianqiang 《地理学报》2009,19(5):587-599

Present granite landform characteristics and distribution are the integrated result of climate, tectonics and lithology. Various types of granite landforms in China signify climate zonality and differential vertical movement of earth surface, while published research results on Chinese granite landforms are very rare, especially in international journals. Based on the process analysis of chemical weathering and physical disintegration, four granite landform regions in China are classified according to the present climate regime. On the Tibetan Plateau, the cold and freezing climate induced periglacial landscapes; the northeast region is characterized by physical disintegration and low round mounds are widespread; in the northwest region controlled by arid climate, wind-carved minor landscapes are extremely prominent. The most spectacular granite landscapes in China are presented in southeast as a result of longtime chemical weathering under humid and warm conditions, as well as the differential uplift after Neogene. Correlating the weathering crust in southern China, Tibetan Plateau and India, a possible unified planation surface in Neogene is proposed. With corestones as indicators of original weathering front, the differential uplift extent of dissected planation surfaces can be estimated. At least three landforms implying uplift can be identified in southeastern China, with elevations of 300–400 m, 2000 m and 3600 m above the sea level respectively.  相似文献   

乐山大佛风化剥蚀及渗水病害防治对策     

周骏一 《山地学报》2009,27(3)

世界遗产乐山大佛位于四川盆地西南部丘陵区,由白垩系夹关组（K1j）紫红色砂岩雕刻而成,但砂岩风化强烈,给大佛的保护带来极大的困难。长期以来,乐山大佛的保护受到国内外多方关注,众多专家学者进行了潜心研究,相关部门也采取了许多保护措施。但乐山大佛的保护目前仍面临两个主要问题,一是大佛遭受日晒雨淋、风化剥蚀,二是佛身受到渗水病害威胁。要保护好乐山大佛,就必须彻底解决上述两个问题。通过对乐山大佛风化剥蚀及渗水病害机理的探讨,有针对性地提出了相应解决办法和治理措施。  相似文献   

林木水力结构与抗旱性研究综述     

王丁  薛建辉  姚健 《中国沙漠》2009,29(4):711-717

干旱是主要的环境胁迫因子之一,对林木影响非常广泛和深刻。我国自20世纪80年代开始,对林木抗旱性及其机理进行了大量的研究,并且取得了一定的研究成果,然而到目前为止,仍然很难定量地证实树木的一些生理参数的一种或任何一种组合可以实质性地改善树木的耐旱行为。水力结构理论形成于20世纪70年代,引入我国仅仅10 a时间。它是指植物在特定的环境条件下,为适应生存竞争的需要所形成的不同的形态结构和水分运输供给策略。从树木水力结构理论的理论基础、主要参数、树木水力结构和木质部空穴与栓塞化的关系,以及关于水力结构的国内外研究现状进行了详细介绍,并且对树木的水力结构与抗旱性的关系进行了探讨,认为树木木质部的空穴与栓塞化在水分亏缺解除以后的恢复能力与树木的抗旱性密切相关,并针对我国的树木水力结构研究现状提出了一些建议。  相似文献   

外源Ca²⁺对藏药独一味幼苗速冷冻抗性的效应   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

蔡子平  陈垣  郭凤霞  李新荣  王宏霞  王三喜  李耀明  朱军 《中国沙漠》2009,29(5):928-932

 利用不同浓度CaCl₂喷施独一味两对叶龄幼苗,然后分别迅速置不同低温（4 ℃、0 ℃和-4 ℃）处理48 h,以28 ℃为对照,处理结束测定幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、细胞膜稳态性、抗氧化酶活性和膜质过氧化等指标的变化,旨在揭示外源Ca2+对提高独一味幼苗速冷冻抗性的作用效应,为独一味人工驯化栽培提供理论依据。结果表明,独一味幼苗对0 ℃及以上低温速冷冻表现较强的适应性。喷施15 mmol\5L-1的CaCl2能显著诱导增强独一味幼苗叶中SOD、POD活性,降低膜质过氧化程度,增强细胞膜系统的稳定性,有效改善独一味幼苗的速冷冻抗性,缓解速冷冻胁迫对幼苗的伤害,使叶绿素含量维持在较高水平,为适宜条件下迅速恢复生长奠定了良好基础。  相似文献   

坡面含沙水流水动力学特性研究进展   总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22  

罗榕婷  张光辉  曹颖 《地理科学进展》2009,28(4):567-574

坡面流是坡面侵蚀的主要动力之一,具有独特的水动力学特性。本文对坡面含沙水流的流态、阻力系数、流速的测量与计算、径流能量以及含沙量对以上参数的影响进行了系统深入的论述。表征坡面流流态的参数有雷诺数与弗汝德数,雷诺数研究的分歧点一般存在于对其“层流”的界定上,降雨扰动是造成其流态特殊性的主要原因,一般认为裸土上的清水坡面流弗汝德数大于1,较少的研究含沙水流流态的资料表明,目前对含沙水流雷诺数的观点不一,但多数学者认为含沙水流属于缓流范畴;不同坡面试验所获得的阻力系数值不同,影响阻力系数的因素有雷诺数、水深、弗汝德数、含沙量等,在含沙水流中,阻力系数与雷诺数、水深的关系复杂,与弗汝德数呈负相关,随含沙量的增加而增大;测量坡面流流速的方法很多,各自存在优缺点,精密仪器暂不适合量测含沙水流,用染色剂法测量坡面含沙水流的流速具有一定的可行性,常采用坡度、流量的幂函数计算坡面流流速,一般认为流速与含沙量呈反比;能量是坡面流水动力学特性的综合体现,一般认为随着含沙量的增加,坡面流能量消耗呈增加趋势。在此基础上提出了目前研究中存在的不足之处,为分析坡面侵蚀机理、完善坡面侵蚀模型提供理论依据。  相似文献   

Palaeosurfaces and major valleys in the area of the Kjǿlen Mountains,southern Norway - consequences of uplift and climatic change     

《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(2):83-101

Protected area management in Norway is undergoing institutional changes with the implementation of management models aimed at increased public participation. At the same time tourism enterprises are increasing in number within the protected areas. Greater levels of interaction with stakeholders place new demands on lead institutions in terms of communication, transparency, involvement, and power sharing. A governance perspective was used to examine some facets of the interaction between a local council managing a national park in Norway and tourism companies using the park for their operations. The main objective was to assess how the tourism sector perceives the cooperation and interface with the management institution. Semi-structured interviews were used, together with a framework of United Nations Development Programme principles of good governance: legitimacy and voice, direction, performance, accountability, and fairness. The results showed rather negative evaluations by the tourism sector, and operators expressed views, implying that the current management model fails to achieve most of the principles of good governance. Although based on a one-sided view by one group of stakeholders, the study suggests that lack of access to important processes and decisions, perceived bias towards traditional conservation, neglect of cultural heritage, and undue restrictions on access could have serious implications for developing an effective management model.  相似文献   

QUARTZ WEATHERING IN FREEZE–THAW CYCLES: EXPERIMENT AND APPLICATION TO THE EL'GYGYTGYN CRATER LAKE RECORD FOR TRACING SIBERIAN PERMAFROST HISTORY     

GEORG SCHWAMBORN  LUTZ SCHIRRMEISTER  FRANZISKA FRÜTSCH  BERNHARD DIEKMANN 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2012,94(4):481-499

The object of this study is to test the assumption that cryogenic weathering (here understood as in‐situ disintegration of rock under cold‐climate conditions including ice as a weathering agent) preferentially breaks up quartz grains. We apply the results of laboratory tests to a Quaternary sediment record. The combination of silt production, relative quartz enrichment in the silt fraction, and quartz grain micromorphology is traced in a multi‐100‐kyr lake sediment archive as indicator data for cryogenic weathering. Constant cryogenic weathering conditions are inferred for at least the last 220 000 years from a lake sediment core of El'gygytgyn Crater, northeast Russia. This is the longest continuous terrestrial archive currently known for the continental Arctic. Quartz enrichment in the fines evolves from seasonal freeze–thaw weathering as demonstrated in laboratory testing where over 100 freeze and thaw cycles crack quartz grains preferentially over feldspar. Microscopic grain features demonstrate that freeze–thaw cycling probably disrupts quartz grains along mineral impurities such as bubble trails, gas–liquid inclusions, or mineralogical sub‐grain boundaries. Single‐grain micromorphology (e.g. angular outlines, sharp edges, microcracks, brittle surfaces) illustrates how quartz becomes fragmented due to cryogenic cracking of the grains. The single‐grain features stemming from the weathering dynamics are preserved even after a grain is transported off site (i.e. in mobile slope material, in seasonal river run‐off, into a lake basin) and may serve as first‐order proxy data for permafrost conditions in Quaternary records.  相似文献   

Controls on knickpoint migration in a drainage network of the moderately uplifted Ardennes Plateau,Western Europe          下载免费PDF全文

A. Beckers  B. Bovy  E. Hallot  A. Demoulin 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(3):357-374

Much research has been devoted to the development of numerical models of river incision. In settings where bedrock channel erosion prevails, numerous studies have used field data to calibrate the widely acknowledged stream power model of incision and to discuss the impact of variables that do not appear explicitly in the model's simplest form. However, most studies have been conducted in areas of active tectonics, displaying a clear geomorphic response to the tectonic signal. Here, we analyze the traces left in the drainage network 0.7 My after the Ardennes region (western Europe) underwent a moderate 100–150 m uplift. We identify a set of knickpoints that have traveled far upstream in the Ourthe catchment, following this tectonic perturbation. Using a misfit function based on time residuals, our best fit of the stream power model parameters yields m = 0.75 and K = 4.63 × 10^‐8 m^‐0.5y^‐1. Linear regression of the model time residuals against quantitative expressions of bedrock resistance to erosion shows that this variable does not correlate significantly with the residuals. By contrast, proxies for position in the drainage system prove to be able to explain 76% of the residual variance. High time residuals correlate with knickpoint position in small tributaries located in the downstream part of the Ourthe catchment, where some threshold was reached very early in the catchment's incision history. Removing the knickpoints stopped at such thresholds from the data set, we calculate an improved m = 0.68 and derive a scaling exponent of channel width against drainage area of 0.32, consistent with the average value compiled by Lague for steady state incising bedrock rivers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Considering river structure and stability in the light of evolution: feedbacks between riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphology          下载免费PDF全文

Dov Corenblit  Neil S. Davies  Johannes Steiger  Martin R. Gibling  Gudrun Bornette 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(2):189-207

River ecological functioning can be conceptualized according to a four‐dimensional framework, based on the responses of aquatic and riparian communities to hydrogeomorphic constraints along the longitudinal, transverse, vertical and temporal dimensions of rivers. Contemporary riparian vegetation responds to river dynamics at ecological timescales, but riparian vegetation, in one form or another, has existed on Earth since at least the Middle Ordovician (c. 450 Ma) and has been a significant controlling factor on river geomorphology since the Late Silurian (c. 420 Ma). On such evolutionary timescales, plant adaptations to the fluvial environment and the subsequent effects of these adaptations on fluvial sediment and landform dynamics resulted in the emergence, from the Silurian to the Carboniferous, of a variety of contrasted fluvial biogeomorphic types where water flow, morphodynamics and vegetation interacted to different degrees. Here we identify several of these types and describe the consequences for biogeomorphic structure and stability (i.e. resistance and resilience), along the four river dimensions, of feedbacks between riparian plants and hydrogeomorphic processes on contrasting ecological and evolutionary timescales. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

湖北郧县辽瓦店黄土剖面风化特征及其对气候变化的响应     

崔天宇  庞奖励  黄春长  查小春  周亚利  吴帅虎  杨建超 《中国沙漠》2015,35(3):610-615

对湖北郧县辽瓦店剖面的沉积学特征及磁化率、粒度、Rb、Sr含量等理化指标进行了研究。结果表明:辽瓦店剖面自下而上具有马兰黄土(L₁)-过渡层(L_t)-古土壤(S₀)-全新世黄土(L₀)-表土(TS)地层序列;不同地层单元的风化成壤差异明显,其成壤强弱顺序为古土壤S₀成壤最强、全新世黄土L₀和过渡层L_t次之、马兰黄土L₁最弱。成壤强弱的变化揭示出该区晚更新世末期(11 500 a BP以前)气候干冷,全新世早期(11 500~8 500 a BP)气候处于晚更新世干冷向全新世中期暖湿的过渡阶段,全新世中期(8 500~3 100 a BP)气候最为温暖湿润,全新世晚期(3 100 a BP以来)气候转为干冷且逐渐恶化的变化过程。  相似文献